Reforma trabalhista: como funciona o trabalho intermitente
Entenda o que é essa nova categoria de serviço e como será aplicada no dia a dia das empresas.A reforma trabalhista sancionada pelo presidente Michel Temer no dia 13 de julho cria uma categoria de serviço que até então inexistia nas leis de trabalho: a do contrato intermitente. Agora, empresas podem contratar um funcionário para trabalhar esporadicamente e pagá-lo apenas pelo período em que prestou seus serviços. Esse é um dos diversos pontos em que as leis trabalhistas serão alteradas. A mudança, assim como todas as outras previstas na reforma, começará a valer a partir do momento em que entrar em vigor, no mês de novembro (120 dias após sua sanção).
Antes, a CLT (Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho) não regulamentava o trabalho intermitente. O contrato com o menor número de horas era o parcial, que tinha no máximo 25 horas semanais (substituídas por 30 horas semanais, com a reforma trabalhista). O contrato intermitente, por sua vez, não define uma carga horária mínima de horárias trabalhadas. Na prática, o funcionário poderia até ser contratado para prestar duas horas de serviço por semana — ou por mês. Os limites máximos de jornada garantidos pela Constituição são mantidos, no entanto: 44 horas semanais e 220 horas mensais.
O trabalho intermitente não tinha previsão no nosso ordenamento jurídico — na CLT ou em qualquer outra lei. É uma criação nova”, diz Osvaldo Kusano, sócio do escritório Brasil Salomão e Matthes Advocacia. “Continua sendo um contrato de trabalho. Ele ainda tem os benefícios da Previdência, o FGTS… A única questão é que isso flexibiliza os períodos de prestação de serviço tanto para o empregado, quanto para o empregador.”
Funciona assim: o empregador (empresa) faz um contrato com um funcionário que fica à sua disposição até ser “convocado” para o trabalho. Quando precisar dele, a companhia tem de avisá-lo com pelo menos três dias de antecedência. O profissional, então, presta serviços à empresa pelo tempo combinado, seja qual for esse período — três horas, duas semanas, cincos meses, não importa.
“Considera-se como intermitente o contrato de trabalho no qual a prestação de serviços, com subordinação, não é contínua, ocorrendo com alternância de períodos de prestação de serviços e de inatividade, determinados em horas, dias ou meses, independentemente do tipo de atividade do empregado e do empregador, exceto para os aeronautas, regidos por legislação própria”, diz o texto da reforma trabalhista.
A “convocação” do trabalhador deve acontecer “por qualquer meio de comunicação eficaz” (telefone, WhatsApp até Messenger, desde que a pessoa faça uso desses meios). Recebida a convocação, o empregado terá o prazo de um dia útil para responder ao chamado. Não respondeu? Ficará presumida a recusa da oferta. Tal recusa, vale destacar, não caracteriza insubordinação. O texto da reforma não deixa explícito, contudo, o número de vezes que o empregado pode recusar ofertas. Ainda de acordo com o texto da reforma, quando aceita a oferta para o comparecimento ao trabalho, a parte que descumprir deverá pagar à outra uma multa de 50% da remuneração no prazo de 30 dias.
O contrato de trabalho intermitente deve ser feito por escrito e conter especificamente o valor da hora de trabalho. Essa quantia não pode ser inferior ao “valor horário” do salário mínimo nem inferior ao salário dos demais empregados daquela empresa que exerçam a mesma função — em contrato intermitente ou não. A remuneração por hora será sempre a mesma em todas as convocações. Não pode mudar de serviço para serviço, por exemplo. Enquanto aguarda por mais trabalho, o funcionário não recebe nada. Mas fica livre para prestar serviços a outros contratantes.
Depois de completar aquele serviço, o funcionário tem de obrigatoriamente receber por aquele período imediamente em seguida. O valor deverá incluir remuneração, férias proporcionais com acréscimo de um terço, décimo terceiro salário proporcional, repouso semanal remunerado (o domingo ou dia de folga da categoria) e adicionais legais (como hora extra, se for o caso). O dinheiro referente ao FGTS (Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço) é depositado na conta do funcionário na Caixa Econômica Federal, como acontece com um trabalhador regular em contrato CLT. O recibo de pagamento deverá conter a discriminação de cada um desses valores, para que o trabalhador saiba o que está recebendo.
Também entre os direitos do contratado estão férias de 30 dias. Mas como o funcionário sempre recebe as férias em dinheiro depois do trabalho, o benefício aqui fica sendo apenas um mês sem trabalhar. “A cada doze meses, o empregado adquire direito a usufruir, nos doze meses subsequentes, um mês de férias, período no qual não poderá ser convocado para prestar serviços pelo mesmo empregador”, diz o texto da reforma trabalhista.
Agora, você pode estar se perguntando: se a empresa só precisará do trabalhador esporadicamente, por que iria contratá-lo — tendo de pagar todos os direitos exigidos pela CLT —, se poderia simplesmente conseguir um autônomo ou pessoa jurídica? A chave está no principal elemento que caracteriza o vínculo empregatício: a subordinação. Ou seja, o funcionário ter de obedecer ordens e ter todo o processo do seu trabalho supervisionado. No caso do autônomo, o profissional atua com total independência — sem pitacos. O que importa é a entrega dos resultados.
“A subordinação é um elemento imprescindível da relação de emprego, como aparece no artigo 3º da CLT”, afirma Antônio Silva Neto, assessor jurídico do deputado federal Rogério Marinho (PSDB-RN), relator da reforma trabalhista na Câmara. “Se você for averiguar tanto na doutrina trabalhista quanto na jurisprudência do próprio TST [Tribunal Superior do Trabalho], a subordinação é um dos elementos mais importantes.”
A mudança, no entanto, está longe de ser unanimidade. José Eymard Loguercio, sócio da LBS Advogados e assessor jurídico da CUT Nacional, defende que a nova categoria pode ser “perversa” ao trabalhador. “Você pode ser contratado e ficar à mercê da empresa para saber o dia e a quantidade de horas que você vai trabalhar durante o mês. Não é um contrato com prazo determinado. É totalmente indeterminado”, afirma. “O empregador pode dispor de uma mão de obra muito barata, apenas quando ele precisa. Na prática, o trabalhador vai precisar de mais de um contrato para conseguir sobreviver. (…) É uma tentativa de legalizar em larga escala o bico, o trabalho mais precarizado.”
O procurador-geral do Trabalho, Ronaldo Fleury, também critica a mudança: “É absolutamente absurdo. Estão querendo trazer uma ideia vetada em muitos países desenvolvidos. E aqui, no Brasil, isso é vendido como modernidade”.
FONTE: http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Carreira/noticia/2017/07/reforma-trabalhista-como-funciona-o-trabalho-intermitente.html
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